weylchamber.coordinates module¶

Calculation of Weyl chamber coordinates

Summary¶

Functions:

`c1c2c3`	Calculate Weyl chamber coordinates \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\)
`canonical_gate`	Return the canonical gate for the given \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\)
`from_magic`	The inverse of `to_magic()`
`point_in_region`	Check if \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\) are in the given region of the Weyl chamber
`point_in_weyl_chamber`	Check if the coordinates \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\) are inside the Weyl chamber
`random_gate`	Return a random two-qubit gate
`random_weyl_point`	Return a random point \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\) in the Weyl chamber (units of π)
`to_magic`	Convert A from the canonical basis to the the "magic" Bell basis
`weyl_region`	Return the region of the Weyl chamber the given point is in.

__all__: c1c2c3, canonical_gate, from_magic, point_in_region, point_in_weyl_chamber, random_gate, random_weyl_point, to_magic, weyl_region

Reference¶

weylchamber.coordinates.c1c2c3(U, ndigits=8)[source]¶

Calculate Weyl chamber coordinates \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\)

Given U (in canonical basis), calculate the Weyl Chamber coordinates \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\), in units of π.

In order to facility numerical stability, the resulting coordinates are rounded to the given precision (cf. ndigits parameter of the built-in round function). Otherwise, rounding errors would likely to result in points that are not in the Weyl chamber, e.g. (0.1, 0.0, 1.0e-13)

Algorithm from Childs et al., PRA 68, 052311 (2003).

Return type:: Tuple[float, float, float]

Example

>>> print("%.2f %.2f %.2f" % c1c2c3(qutip.core.gates.cnot()))
0.50 0.00 0.00

weylchamber.coordinates.canonical_gate(c1, c2, c3)[source]¶

Return the canonical gate for the given \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\)

The canonical gate is defined as :rtype: Qobj

\[\Op{A} = e^{i \frac{\pi}{2} \left( c_1 \Op{\sigma}_x \Op{\sigma}_x + c_2 \Op{\sigma}_y \Op{\sigma}_y + c_3 \Op{\sigma}_z \Op{\sigma}_z \right)}\]

Example

>>> gate = qutip.Qobj(
...     [[0.707107+0.000000j, 0.000000+0.000000j, 0.000000+0.000000j, 0.000000+0.707107j],
...      [0.000000+0.000000j, 0.707107+0.000000j, 0.000000+0.707107j, 0.000000+0.000000j],
...      [0.000000+0.000000j, 0.000000+0.707107j, 0.707107+0.000000j, 0.000000+0.000000j],
...      [0.000000+0.707107j, 0.000000+0.000000j, 0.000000+0.000000j, 0.707107+0.000000j]],
... dims=[[2,2], [2,2]])
>>> U = canonical_gate(0.5,0,0)
>>> assert (U - gate).norm() < 1e-5
>>> assert np.max(np.abs(
...     np.array(c1c2c3(U)) - np.array([0.5, 0, 0]))) < 1e-15

weylchamber.coordinates.from_magic(A)[source]¶

The inverse of to_magic()

Return type:: Qobj

weylchamber.coordinates.point_in_region(region, c1, c2, c3, check_weyl=False)[source]¶

Check if \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\) are in the given region of the Weyl chamber

The regions are ‘W0’ (between origin O and perfect entanglers polyhedron), ‘W0*’ (between point A1 and perfect entangler polyhedron), ‘W1’ (between A3 point and perfect entanglers polyhedron), and ‘PE’ (inside perfect entanglers polyhedron)

If the check_weyl parameter is given a True, raise a ValueError for any points outside of the Weyl chamber

Return type:: bool

Examples

>>> from weylchamber.visualize import WeylChamber
>>> point_in_region('W0', *WeylChamber.O)
True
>>> point_in_region('W0', 0.2, 0.05, 0.0)
True
>>> point_in_region('W0', *WeylChamber.L)
False
>>> point_in_region('W0', *WeylChamber.Q)
False
>>> point_in_region('PE', *WeylChamber.Q)
True
>>> point_in_region('W0*', *WeylChamber.A1)
True
>>> point_in_region('W0*', 0.8, 0.1, 0.1)
True
>>> point_in_region('W1', *WeylChamber.A3)
True
>>> point_in_region('W1', 0.5, 0.4, 0.25)
True
>>> point_in_region('W1', 0.5, 0.25, 0)
False
>>> point_in_region('PE', 0.5, 0.25, 0)
True

The function may be also applied against arrays:

>>> res = point_in_region('W1', [0.5,0.5], [0.4,0.25], [0.25,0.0])
>>> assert np.all(res == np.array([ True, False]))

weylchamber.coordinates.point_in_weyl_chamber(c1, c2, c3, raise_exception=False)[source]¶

Check if the coordinates \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\) are inside the Weyl chamber

Return type:: bool

Examples

>>> BGATE = qutip.core.gates.berkeley()
>>> point_in_weyl_chamber(*c1c2c3(BGATE))
True
>>> point_in_weyl_chamber(*c1c2c3(qutip.identity([2, 2])))
True

The coordinates may also be array-like, in which case a boolean numpy array is returned.

>>> res = point_in_weyl_chamber(
...     [0.0,0.5,0.8], [1.0,0.25,0.0], [1.0,0.25,0.0])
>>> assert np.all(res == np.array([False,  True,  True]))

If raise_exception is True, raise an ValueError if any values are outside the Weyl chamber.

>>> try:
...     point_in_weyl_chamber(1.0, 0.5, 0, raise_exception=True)
... except ValueError as e:
...     print(e)
(1, 0.5, 0) is not in the Weyl chamber

weylchamber.coordinates.random_gate(region=None)[source]¶

Return a random two-qubit gate

If region is not None, the gate will be in the specified region of the Weyl chamber. The following region names are allowed: :rtype: Qobj

‘SQ’: single qubit gates, consisting of the Weyl chamber points O, A2
‘PE’: polyhedron of perfect entanglers
‘W0’: region between point O and the PE polyhedron
‘W0*’: region between point A2 and the PE polyhedron
‘W1’: region between point A3 ([SWAP]) and the PE polyhedron

weylchamber.coordinates.random_weyl_point(region=None)[source]¶

Return a random point \((c_1, c_2, c_3)\) in the Weyl chamber (units of π)

If region is given in [‘W0’, ‘W0*’, ‘W1’, ‘PE’], the point will be in the specified region of the Weyl chamber

Return type:: Tuple[float, float, float]

Example

>>> c1, c2, c3 = random_weyl_point()
>>> point_in_weyl_chamber(c1, c2, c3)
True
>>> c1, c2, c3 = random_weyl_point(region='PE')
>>> point_in_region('PE', c1, c2, c3)
True
>>> c1, c2, c3 = random_weyl_point(region='W0')
>>> point_in_region('W0', c1, c2, c3)
True
>>> c1, c2, c3 = random_weyl_point(region='W0*')
>>> point_in_region('W0*', c1, c2, c3)
True
>>> c1, c2, c3 = random_weyl_point(region='W1')
>>> point_in_region('W1', c1, c2, c3)
True

weylchamber.coordinates.to_magic(A)[source]¶

Convert A from the canonical basis to the the “magic” Bell basis

Return type:: Qobj

weylchamber.coordinates.weyl_region(c1, c2, c3, check_weyl=True)[source]¶

Return the region of the Weyl chamber the given point is in.

Return type:: str
Returns:: One of ‘W0’, ‘W0*’, ‘W1’, ‘PE’

Examples

>>> from weylchamber.visualize import WeylChamber
>>> print(weyl_region(*WeylChamber.O))
W0
>>> print(weyl_region(*WeylChamber.A1))
W0*
>>> print(weyl_region(*WeylChamber.A3))
W1
>>> print(weyl_region(*WeylChamber.L))
PE
>>> print(weyl_region(0.2, 0.05, 0.0))
W0
>>> print(weyl_region(0.8, 0.1, 0.1))
W0*
>>> print(weyl_region(0.5, 0.25, 0))
PE
>>> print(weyl_region(0.5, 0.4, 0.25))
W1
>>> try:
...     weyl_region(1.0, 0.5, 0)
... except ValueError as e:
...     print(e)
(1, 0.5, 0) is not in the Weyl chamber
>>> print(weyl_region(1.0, 0.1, 0, check_weyl=False))
W0*

Only scalar values are accepted for c1, c2, c3